Environmental Costs of Hydrofracking

Natural Costs of Hydrofracking Petroleum gas penetrating with high volume flat water driven breaking (from this point forward alluded to as fracking) has detonated onto the vitality scene in the last 5 or 6 years, and the guarantee of tremendous stores of flammable gas under American soil has provoked a genuine gaseous petrol surge. When the innovation was grown, new drill rigs showed up all over scenes in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Texas, and Wyoming. Many have stresses over the ecological outcomes of this new way to deal with boring; here are a portion of those worries. Drill Cuttings During the penetrating procedure, a lot of ground up rock, blended in with boring mud and salt water, are pulled out of the well and moved off the site. This waste at that point gets covered in landfills. Close to the enormous waste volume that should be obliged, a worry with drill cuttings is the nearness of normally happening radioactive materials in them. Radium and uranium can be found in drill cuttings (and created water †see underneath) from an extent of wells, and these components in the long run drain out of the landfills into the encompassing ground and surface waters. Water Use When a well has been penetrated, a lot of water are siphoned into the well at high strain to break the stone wherein the flammable gas is found. During a solitary fracking procedure on a solitary well (wells can be fracked on different occasions over their lifetime), on normal 4 million gallons of water are utilized. This water is siphoned from streams or waterways and shipped to the site, purchased from metropolitan water sources, or is reused from other fracking activity. Many are worried about these significant water withdrawals, and stressed that it might bring down the water table in certain regions, prompting dry wells and debased fish territory. Fracking Chemicals A long, changing rundown of synthetic added substances is added to the water in the fracking procedure. The poisonousness of these added substances is variable, and numerous new synthetic mixes are made during the fracking procedure as a portion of the additional fixings separate. When the fracking water comes back to the surface, it should be treated before removal (see Water Disposal beneath). The measure of synthetic concoctions included speaks to a little division of the all out volume of fracking water (around 1%). In any case, this exceptionally little part takes away from the way that in supreme terms it is fairly huge volumes that are utilized. For a well requiring 4 million gallons of water, around 40,000 gallons of added substances are siphoned in. The most serious dangers related with these synthetic substances happen during their transportation, as big hauler trucks must utilize the neighborhood streets to carry them to the drill cushions. A mishap included spilled substa nce would have huge open wellbeing and natural consequences.â Water Disposal A huge extent of the monstrous measures of water siphoned down the well streams back up when the well beginnings creating flammable gas. Other than the fracking synthetics, salt water that was normally present in the shale layer returns up, as well. This adds up to a huge volume of fluid that is discharged into a lined lake, at that point siphoned into trucks and shipped to either be reused for other penetrating activities, or to be dealt with. This â€Å"produced water† is harmful, containing fracking synthetic concoctions, high groupings of salt, and at times radioactive materials like radium and uranium. Substantial metals from the shale are of concern as well: created water will contain lead, arsenic, barium, and strontium for instance. Spills from bombed maintenance lakes or bungled exchanges to trucks do occur and affect neighborhood streams and wetlands. At that point, the water removal process isn't inconsequential. One strategy is infusion wells. Squander water is infused into the ground at extraordinary profundities under impermeable stone layers. The incredibly high weight utilized in this procedure is accused for seismic tremor swarms in Texas, Oklahoma, and Ohio. The second way fracking waste water can be discarded is in mechanical wastewater treatment plants. There have been issues with insufficient medicines at Pennsylvania city water treatment plants, so practice has now finished and just endorsed mechanical treatment plants can be utilized. Packaging Leaks The profound wells utilized in even hydrofracking are fixed with steel housings. Once in a while these housings come up short, permitting fracking synthetic compounds, salt waters, or petroleum gas to escape into the shallower rock layers and seriously polluting ground water that may arrive at the outside of be utilized for drinking water. A case of this issue, recorded by the Environmental Protection Agency, is the Pavillion (Wyoming) groundwater pollution case.â Ozone depleting substances and Climate Change Methane is a significant part of flammable gas, and an amazing ozone harming substance. Methane can spill from harmed housings, well heads, or it might be vented during certain periods of a fracking activity. Consolidated, these holes have noteworthy negative effects on the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide discharges from copying gaseous petrol are a lot of lower, per amount of vitality delivered, than from copying oil or coal. Petroleum gas would then appear to be a sensibly decent option in contrast to more CO2 serious fills. The issue is that all through the whole creation pattern of gaseous petrol, a lot of methane is discharged, invalidating a few or the entirety of the environmental change preferences flammable gas appeared to have over coal. Continuous exploration will ideally give answers with respect to which is least harming, however there is no uncertainty that mining and consuming gaseous petrol produces incredible measures of ozone depleting substances and in this way adds to worldwide environmental change. Territory Fragmentation Well cushions, get to streets, squander water lakes, and pipelines jumble the scene in petroleum gas creating locales. This parts the scene, decreasing the size of untamed life natural surroundings patches, disconnecting them from each other, and adding to unfavorable edge living space. Fringe Aspects Fracking for gaseous petrol in level wells is a costly procedure that must be done monetarily at high thickness, industrializing the scene. Discharges and commotion from diesel trucks and blower stations impactsly affect the neighborhood air quality and generally speaking personal satisfaction. Fracking requires a lot of hardware and materials which themselves are mined or delivered at high ecological expenses, remarkably steel and frac sand. Natural Benefits? At the nearby scale, the land impression from fracking tasks, particularly once the well has been built up and the drill rig is gone, is littler than that of coal strip mines, peak expulsion mines, or tar sands fields. The impression of thousands of wells and pipeline right-of-ways over a whole district do include, though.Natural gas from Marcellus, Barnett, or other North American shale stores permits us to depend on a household wellspring of energy.â That implies less vitality spent shipping petroleum products from abroad, and all the more significantly keeping up the capacity to have stricter natural powers over the whole vitality creation process. Source Duggan-Haas, D., R.M. Ross, and W.D. Allmon. 2013. The Science Beneath the Surface: A Very Short Guide to the Marcellus Shale. Paleontological Research Institute.

Patriotism in Islam free essay sample

All Praise is because of Allah, We acclaim Him and we look for help from Him. We ask absolution from Him. We atone to Him; and we look for asylum in Him from our own wrongs and our own terrible deeds. Any individual who is guided by Allah, he is without a doubt guided; and any individual who has been left adrift, will locate nobody to direct him. I give testimony there is no god yet Allah, the Only One with no accomplice; and I take the stand Muhammad, sws, is His worker, and His errand person. Today’s khutbah is about Patriotism: love for one’s nation. Is it wrong to adore one’s nation? Would it be a good idea for us to adore our nation more than we love Justice, or God? Should our affection for nation dazzle us to what’s right and what’s wrong? In our broad communications there are visit inquiries regarding whether we Muslims can be believed, regardless of whether we are faithful to this nation or whether our loyalties lie somewhere else. . We have an obligation set out unmistakably what Islam needs to state about Patriotism so we can expel unwarranted feelings of dread and fears about our quality here in India. Islam doesn't restrict a Muslim to adore his country or the nation where he lives or grew up. What is indefensible is basing one’s sentiments of unwaveringness and denial and adoring and detesting ought to consistently be founded on islam and devotion. The Prophet (harmony and gifts of Allaah arrive) used to adore Makkah on the grounds that it was the most dearest land to Allaah, however he didn't cherish the kaafirs who lived there, rather he battled them since they battled against Islam and executed Muslims. Neither he nor his friends at any point offered priority to their adoration for Makkah over the laws of Allaah, so when Allaah denied the individuals who had moved from Makkah to return to it, aside from Hajj and three days after it, they clung to that and didn't remain there for longer than that period. Their affection for Makkah didn't cause them to ignore Allaah. Islam orders us to put forth a valiant effort to turn out to be productive members of society in the nations we live in. Muslims need to respect the laws of the nation where they live as long as such laws don't repudiate the lessons ofIslam. Muslims living in the contemporary world ought to be sufficiently practical to receive a strategy of amicability and harmony beyond what many would consider possible. As indicated by Sheik Faysal Mawlawi, representative administrator of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, Muslims living in non-Muslim nations are to regard the images of those nations, for example, the national song of devotion, national banner, and so forth. This is a piece of what citizenship directs according to current traditions. †¦ Thus, going to bat for the national song of praise isn't a type of disallowed steadfastness. On the off chance that a Muslim is to change an off-base activity in a lion's share non-Muslim nation, let him do that through da'wah, shrewdness, and reasonable appeal. Simultaneously, he ought not comply with any standards that include rebellion to Allah. Note: The Holy Quran urges Muslims to ‘enjoin what is correct and restrict what is wrong’ and it portrays the Believers as â€Å"†¦the best of individuals, the individuals who urge what is correct and preclude what's going on, and who have confidence in Allah. [sura 3:110] . Dedication to a nation ought to never be a basic matter of ‘my nation right or wrong’. That’s essentially corrupt, exploitative and at last traitorous and un-energetic. The most steadfast thing a resident can do is to stand up when things are goin g the incorrect way. At the point when lawmakers wage out of line wars it is our obligation to stand up. We should be observers to reasonable managing. We should be simply, when it’s simple, yet in addition when it’s disagreeable and dangerous. We should consistently be reasonable and simply, even to our foes â€Å"O ye who accept! tand out immovably for Allah, as observers to reasonable managing, and let not the contempt of others towards you make you turn to wrong and leave from equity. Be only: that is close to Piety: and dread Allah. For Allah is very much familiar with all that you doâ€Å". Sura 5:8 al-Maa’ida. 0Allah orders equity. It’s impossible. It’s a commitment. Muslims are called upon to the most elevated of callings†¦ to follow in the strides of the Prophets, to be observers to reasonable managing, regardless of whether it be against our families and our own advantages our first faithfulness is to Allah, maker of the sky and th e earth. This implies maintaining reality and being dedicated to our inner voice. This should make us the most enthusiastic all things considered, not just visually impaired devotees of impulsive government officials. As Allah has stated: â€Å"Allah prohibits you not, as to the individuals who battle you not for (your) Faith nor drive you out of your homes, from managing benevolent and fairly with them: for Allah loveth the individuals who are just† [Sura 60:8, al-Mumtahina] Prophet Muhammad sws once announced that: The best jihad is to express an expression of truth in the court of a low ruler† Muslims are reminded to put wrong things directly with their hands, and in the event that they can't do that, they should stand in opposition to it, and on the off chance that they are too powerless to even think about doing in this way, at that point they should at any rate, detest the foul play in their souls. A Muslim is he from whose tongue and hand different Muslims are protected, a nd a genuine Believer is one in whom all of humankind has an asylum forever and property. † We are not permitted to sabotage the security or uprightness of the nations we live in. We should win the trust of our neighbors. We are obliged to remind our kindred residents, and our administrations, to be reliable on human rights issues, and to be fair with individuals living inside and outside our national fringes. Let us appeal to Allah and request His perfect Mercy and mediation. O Allah, help us to become commendable and esteemed residents of each land where Muslims live. Help us to win the regard and friendship of our neighbors, through our adab, our great direct and through our support of society which we render out of affection and appreciation to You.

The middle of the semester

The middle of the semester I took too many classes this semester. It was an accident. Usually five classes or four classes plus a UROP is a reasonable workload for me. Typically at that level, there are some stressful weeks, but generally I feel like I’m on top of my work and can keep everything under control. This semester I loaded up on project classes. All three of my technical classes have semester-long group projects. My French class is also an uncharacteristic amount of work. So what ended up looking like an average semester is turning out to be really hectic. I’ve felt pretty overwhelmed lately. I’ve had several weeks where I have deadline after deadline and it’s hard to keep up. Last week was really busy. It was the week before spring vacation and professors were trying to get to a stopping point before everyone headed out for the break. There were a lot of preliminary project deadlines. I gave a presentation for the Multimodal User Interfaces class where we had to lay out a detailed game plan for our final project. I had a presentation for my French class on an influential author and philosopher of the négritude movement in Africa. I had a preliminary report of 2500 words for our semester-long design project for Computer Systems due on Friday. I’m continually running experiments for my UROP to prepare for a conference I’m presenting at in May. I had two other projects that were pushed back because of a snow day we had a couple weeks ago: a French essay and an implementation of a working virtual machine for my dynamic language engineering class, and I would have been a stressed wreck if those deadlines hadn’t been postponed. The second part of the semester doesn’t look like it’s going to be any easier. In fact, I got some unexpected good news yesterday from my UROP supervisorâ€"I get to attend CHI (Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, an important human-computer interaction conference) at the end of April in Montreal! I’m super excited!!! But I’ll be missing three days of school and I’ll have to pre- and postpone project work to clear the time. In general, my philosophy is not to miss out on once-in-a-lifetime opportunities in order to do more work. So I’m making time to go, but it means that April will be pretty stressful. Over the course of my time at MIT, my relationship with work has definitely changed. I feel like this semester I’ve hit my limits in a new way. This was the first semester where I’ve felt like a load of mid-semester work impacted my mood. I’ve always been pretty good at balancing work and fun and at compartmentalizing the two. Now I feel like my school work is starting to negatively impact my social life. Even when I’m supposed to be enjoying myself, frequently I have work in the back of my mind. I feel so task-focused that I can’t enjoy the present. I’ve been snappy and impatient with my friends. A couple weeks ago, after making a big deadline, I was feeling pretty burnt out. I was at the same time lonely because I hadn’t really hung out with friends in a week and reclusive because I didn’t have the stamina to deal with people. I’m hitting the point where I have so much work I’m not enjoying myself any more, and that’s new for me. I’m sick of it. I don’t think this is something that’s unique to me. The middle of the semester is a perennially bad time for mental health at MIT. Stress starts setting in and people get more isolated as they dedicate more time to studying. I think I just haven’t thought about this much before because right when I started at MIT, the novelty and the excitement and the euphoria of being in such an incredible place surrounded by such talented people made me feel invincible and kind of inured me to feeing burnt out. Then I went through a period that was kind of rough but I cut back on classes a little and fortunately my academics didn’t suffer. Now I feel like I’m getting to the point where I’m finally getting used (after almost three years!) to just being an MIT studentâ€"where I feel like I’m in the groove of things but I’ve passed the high of being a new student, and I’m starting to learn what I need to do to make this experience work for me. And I’m realizing that at the equili brium, there is a limit to how much I can handle and still be happy. There is a real and very understandable temptation at MIT to take on more than you can chew. Part of it is that there are so many amazing opportunities present that you try to take advantage of them all. Another part is that there is definitely a culture here of overwork. Not sleeping enough/taking a zillion classes/being a Renaissance person who can handle a superhuman amount of commitments is glorified. And, for some people, it’s possibleâ€"there are incredibly talented people here that can handle six classes and a half dozen extracurriculars. But most people can’t, and its important to know your limits. I think sometimes the downside of overwork can be downplayed by students here, including me. Ultimately, it’s important to enjoy yourself, in order to stay motivated and to make life worth living. And it’s important to avoid burning out, because that can be really hard to recover from. I have a lot of things to look forward to this semester. I’m currently on spring break in Canada with my best friend and we’re having a great time (blog and pictures to come!!!). I’m going to the CHI conference in Montreal next month and the Vision Sciences Society conference in Florida in May to present the findings from my UROP. And I’m really excited to be spending the summer in Seattle, where I plan on sewing and kayaking every evening and going hiking and camping with friends on weekends. There are so many exciting things in my future that I’ll be able to keep myself motivated through the semester, even if it’s more stressful than it could be. And next semester, I’m definitely planning on taking it easy. I’ll take a lighter class load with more language classes and really focus on research. Post Tagged #mental health

The Major Characteristics Of A Culture - 1390 Words

China has the oldest, continuous, civilization in the world that dates more than four thousand years of existence, and has passed its culture through generations. Culture is a â€Å"dynamic social system,† containing the values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms of a â€Å"specific group, organization, or society†. (FM 3-24 COUNTERINSURGENCY, 2016). The five major characteristics that define a culture are learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic. The first is a characteristic in which the process of learning about one’s culture from childhood. Because we share our cultures with other people we are able to comprehend each other’s and predict how others will act. Symbols are things distinctive to the culture and can be anything from currency to landmarks. Integrated is being able to learn all parts of a culture to truly understand it. Dynamic is simply different cultures interacting so they can exchange ideas and symbols. Physical Geography and Weather Analysis China consist mostly of East Asian landmass, and it contains over 22,000 km (13,670 mi) bordering with 14 other countries. It is the fourth largest country in landmass with 9,596,690 sq km (3,705,303 sq mi). Almost 70% of the country is covered by mountains, hills, or plateaus. Most of the agricultural of China is located in eastern and southern part of the country. China is divided into 23 provinces, 4 municipalities, 2 Special Administrative Regions. China can also be divided into 8 differentShow MoreRelatedMajor Characteristics Of A Philippine Culture1031 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippine Cultural Awareness Culture is the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that is learned through a process of socialization. These shared patterns, identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group. 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The Call Of The Wild By Jack London - 1396 Words

The Call of the Wild is a novel by Jack London, and is a very interesting fiction novel that contains elements of happiness, sadness, failure, and triumph(with a hint of anger). This book shows the strong bond between man and beast, and helps the reader understand the strong loves shared(and lost). This book can show how change affects someone, and how it can affect the people around them. This book has a lot of important morals, which can teach the reader patience, sorrow, and true compassion. The reader will never want to stop reading until they find out what is going to happen next. It shows a lot of action and triumph. The reader will feel excited whenever Buck wins, as well as a sense of joy. It is exhilarating to read and even more†¦show more content†¦The point of view is third person omniscient, as the narrator speaks of not only Buck’s feelings, but the feelings of a lot of the other characters. This makes the story more interesting by adding a sense of knowl edge about what might happen, but not knowing for sure. This allows the reader to see into Buck’s mind, and get his opinion along with the opinions of the other major characters. This point of view also gives the reader a feeling of knowledge, as of knowing what might be thought next. The point of view also helps with the story by making it easier to explain events, and what caused them. In The Call of the Wild there are many characters. Buck, the main character(or protagonist), changes the most. Buck is the protagonist because he is the main character, and he never gives up. He was once a dog that thought he was the king, even though he wasn’t very king-like. He was motivated by the fact that he had a rich owner, and he was one of the only outside-dwelling dogs. He was motivated by the thought of being the best and most powerful as a sled dog. Spitz, another character, helped steer Buck towards that goal. Spitz hated Buck, and was one of the main reason buck succeeded. As Spitz pushed him to the limit, Buck hardened in order to take on Spitz, and eventually win. Francois and Perrault were also a big part of Buck’s attitude. They made Buck work hard, and he expected respect in return. They also honed his muscles by working him hard, along with hardeningShow MoreRelatedJack London: The Call Of The Wild550 Words   |  2 Pages Jack London: The Call Of The Wild Well the main character is buck. He was born on a judge’s ranch in Mexico. He was the king of the ranch, everyone loved him. Them one day a gardener took him for a walk, and he was sold. He fought the man that bought him; he was stuffed in a cage. Buck is a huge half breed saint Bernard, and Scottish shepherd. He Is sent to Alaska and sold for a sled dog. He goes through several different owners. 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She represents greed and being spoiled. Mercedes enters the wilderness clueless to what toll it will take on her. â€Å"†Undreamed of!† cried Mercedes, throwing up her hands in dainty dismay† (73). This quote shows that she was expecting (and hoping) for a more pampered way of life out in the Klondike. Mercedes could also represent the unpreparedness of most of the people going to

The Insider Secrets of Ielts High Score Essay Samples Revealed

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The Marriage of John and Elizabeth Proctor Essay Example For Students

The Marriage of John and Elizabeth Proctor Essay The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, is a study in the mass hysteria which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials. Themes of the play include deceit, love, secrecy and paranoia. These attributes can be given to the play itself, but can also be given to certain characters and their relationships; these have been used by Miller to create tension throughout the play and have allowed him to totally capture the audience personally. Two of the key characters in the play are John and Elizabeth Proctor, a married couple with what seems to the majority of people in the play a flawless relationship, but is really one of suspicion, secrecy and fear. To begin with, John is an extremely complex character placed at the heart of the play. He has a strong sense of his morals and he will not suffer fools gladly he is the first to truthfully give his point of view. Unfortunately, John also has several personality traits which lead to his downfall and even his death. However, his honour and honesty at the end of the play transform him into something of a tragic hero. Johns most obvious weakness is his temptation his lust for Abigail and his committing of adultery, and his disregard and plain disrespect for his wife, Elizabeth. For most people in Salem, Johns actions would have been a great shock as he is a well respected pillar of the community; however, this does not permit his sins. In John Proctor, Miller has been able to convey an imperfect man who understands his flaws and sins whose name and pride are more important than his life. This could be seen as a strength, as John would rather have no life than a life with his name and children associated with the accusations of witchcraft and deceit; he dies for his name, which in my opinion, is an extremely courageous thing to do. However, some people might say that John ought to take humiliation for his sins, rather than accept the punishment of death, which comes for the issue of witchcraft rather than adultery. For me, John is a very likeable character despite him having a short temper, perhaps being a little impatient and quite cruel when pushed to do so i. e. to Mary Warren. He seems to momentarily treat people with little respect because of his pride. John is a good man, although I think he needs to treat people in a better fashion sometimes especially in light of what has happened or rather, what he has done. However, John does redeem much of his credibility towards the end of the play, after being accused of witchcraft. The catch is that the majority of people in Salem know that John didnt commit witchcraft, but to not condemn him would greatly question the court there is no justifiable reason for the hangings of several less respected members of the community and not John Proctor as they all stem from the same evidence produced by Abigail Williams, who cast a spell to kill Goody Proctor. Abigail is a jealous liar with terrible concept of morals she is willing to openly accuse and murder (indirectly) many innocent people in Salem, just for her supposed love of John. However, it is this love that torments Proctor and leads eventually to his death. Elizabeth Proctor Johns wife has more personality weaknesses, and although she does not sin she is a strict Puritan she does have many flaws. She can be unassertive, especially towards members of the community, for example, Mary Warren, whom she never stands up to or gives her opinion to. Perhaps this is to do with her insecurities as a person which I feel are partly caused by John Proctor since his affair with Abigail. Black Robe, by Brian Moore EssayHonestly, Elizabeth has had to cope with the fact that John lied, deceived and cheated on her, confessed himself as a liar, was unwilling to confess for his namesake, and lastly, was murdered: all indirectly for his affair with Abigail. Elizabeth did make great efforts to forgive John despite her beliefs, and went so far as to lie for him to save his life. She did not judge John, and remained loyal to him in spite of his events. Elizabeth refused to make up his mind for him: even though she would have rathered he lived than died. From all of the reasons listed, I cant help but sympathise with Elizabeth the most, although I understand the ideas of John being a tragic hero who died to save his familys name. The main reason as to why Arthur Miller placed this relationship at the centre of the play is because without it, none of the actions which followed would have taken place. As aforementioned, it is Abigail and Johns affair which eventually leads to his death. Imagine, if you will, a line of dominoes. The first domino is the affair, which when pushed, causes the next domino to fall, which causes the next, etc. If John and Elizabeth hadnt been married the affair would not have been an affair and Abigail would have had no reason to want Goody Proctor dead. Therefore, none of the people who hung would have hung, and no member of the court would have been engrossed in this witch hunt. The basis of the story is dependent on Elizabeth and John (as well as Abigail). Furthermore, I think such a relationship demonstrates and represents on a smaller scale just how the town was acting. Elizabeth is suspicious everybody was suspicious of eachother; John was tempted (by Abigail) just as the girls become tempted (by Abigail) to accuse the innocent people of Salem of being witches. Through John and Elizabeths marriage, bigotry becomes evident in the whole society of Salem. John rises above it on matters of principle and his doing this yields the strongest irony: the sinner is less criminal than his religious judgers. There are several bigots in the play including the likes of Danforth who, despite the knowledge that Abigail and her fellow accusers are in fact lying, continues to condemn innocent people of witchery and submits them to death. He condemns witches for lying however, he is a liar, and they are in fact not. He somehow believes that in order to create a powerful court, his actions are justified. Abigail is also a bigot obviously she tells the court that innocent people are witches and are simply denying it she calls them sinful and yet she goes against the 10 commandments. Proctor does this too he is against those who go against the 10 commandments and is willing to judge them, however, he has done so himself with Abigail. This links in with the idea that John and Elizabeths marriage has something to do with the other themes and issues of the play. The plays themes include paranoia, lying, fear, and deceit. All of these can also be considered as themes of John and Elizabeths marriage she is paranoid and fears that she will lose John, the people of Salem are paranoid over whether the people that they are in contact with are witches, and deeply fear being accused of being a witch as they will hang.